Conceptually, you can see advantages to demanding direct cash payments from foreign governments to the US Treasury in exchange for protection and the right to trade without tariffs; it would avoid the problems of distributing specific benefits and burdens of the trade agreement to private sector entities. Does that make the Delian League solution plausible?
No, for two reasons. First of all, only an autocratic government with a strong grip on the populace would get away with making such a deal. No electorate in a liberal democracy is going to agree to tax itself in order to make huge payments to Trump’s America. Second, the proceeds would probably wind up in a fund controlled by Trump. Without wise investments over a period of several years, the money would do nothing to revitalize American industry and bring about the Godly Society; in all likelihood, it would just be funneled to Trump’s friends and allies, and struggling American workers would get nothing but small cash handouts.