It is fair to describe Xi, Duterte, and Bolsonaro as strongmen. But are they fascists? Again, let’s go to the definition:
- Xi is definitely not a fascist. First, as a Marxist, he cannot be a reactionary; he looks forward to a brighter future, not a mythological glorious past. Second, while he is undoubtedly a nationalist, that appears to be more of a tool of governance and base mobilization than anything else. Finally, Xi is constrained to a large extent by the institutions and ideology of the Communist Party. He doesn’t have anything like Putin’s freedom to change course.
- Duterte, with his glorification and use of violence, clearly meets the extraconstitutional means test, but he’s not a reactionary, and he’s really kind of a wimp in dealing with his neighbors. He’s not a fascist, either.
- Bolsonaro is undoubtedly a reactionary. He doesn’t appear to be much of a nationalist. He hasn’t really relied on extraconstitutional methods yet, but there are persistent rumors that he may be planning a coup with the help of the military. Keep your eyes on this one.